John Hunter (1728-1793) – Scotish Surgeon in LONDON considered FATHER OF MODERN SURGERY. 13000 specimens of separate organ system, developed methods of experiments to evolve many surgical techniques and antiseptics to help results.
Other important 19th century Surgeons were PERCIVAL POTT (1714-1788) described tuberculosis of Spine, and postulated that cancer may be caused by environmental carcinogen and CHIMNEY-CANCER,
JAMES SYMES – Syrup Amputation, and first to first to do Hip disarticulation. Dutch Surgeon – ANTONIUS MATHIJSEN invented Plaster of Paris (1851).
TWO VISIONARY DEVELOPMENTS CHANGED SURGICAL SCENERIO EVEN NOW – (20th Century)
I. ANESTHESIA – PIONEERS –
- CRA FORD LONG (1815-1878) – ETHER.
- JAMES YOUNG SIMPSON (1811-1870) CHLORO FORM
CURARE (Muscle relaxant) discovered by
II. ANTISEPTICS –
LISTER (1827-1912) and LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895) discovered use of CARBOLIC ACID as anti infective agents by cleaning instruments, equipment and other operation materials – published – ANTISEPTIC PRINCIPLES OF THE PRACTICE OF SURGERY. He introduced use of washing hands with 5% Carbolic acid and use of gloves during Surgery. Introduced Chemical and STEAM STERLIZATION – for instruments and equipments. AND THIS THEORY MADE A Foundation of – ART OF SURGERY AND – ONE MEN TO GIVE NEW DIRECTION AND BASE for upcoming surgical developments like INVASIVE procedures.
WILLIAM HALSTEAD (1852-1922) – Laid down the theory of – BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ASEPSIS – Known as HALSTEAD PRINCIPLE – Developed LATEX / RUBBER GLOVES.
Following basic research as above laid the foundation of pain free and infection free surgical procedures, research and experimentations on ……. and live Human procedures, exponentially opened the route to discover all ailments needing excision and repairs in an any party of body with success. Following the mastery of surgical techniques, with sound basis of pathology and Surgical results, SURGEONS mind got diverted to MINIMAL INVASIVE PROCEDURES FIRST by small incisions, later with invention of optical Instruments and equipments started these procedures in treating THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL AILMENTS and a preferred choice with batter post operative result, and short hospital stay, and less Medicine.
ROBOTIC SURGERY- development is another milestone (2004) and replaced the team of Doctor and paramedical staff to minimal with more accurate procedures with precision to improve result with more satisfaction to patients.
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Ⅲ-RADIOLOGY
WILHEM RONTGEN (1865) discovered X-ray to CT/MRI/PET
SOME PIONEER WORKS
– HARVEY CUSHING- 1900 – pioneer in Brain Surgery
– GEORGE KELLING -1901 – First Laproscopic Surgery in DOG
– HANS CHRISTIAN JACOBEUS – 1910 – First Laproscopic (Swedish Physician) Surgery in human.
– BLOOD-TRANSFUSION – ANOTHER STEP TO FUTURE SURGERY-1914
– WERNER FORSMANN – 1929 – First Cardiac Catheterization – On HIMSELF. – 1948 – First Open Heart Surgery
– 1954 – First Kidney transplant
– THOMAS STARZI (1963) – First Liver transplant.
– CHRISTIAN BERNARD (1967) – First Heart Transplant
– ERICH MUHE – (GERMANY 1985) – FIRST CHOLECYSTETOMY – LAPROSCOPIC.
– C.T. Scan – PERFECTED – 1972
– ROBOTIC ASSISTED SURGERY – VANCOVER- 1983
– STEM CELL THERAPY – 1998
– ROBOTIC SURGERY – 2001
– SURGEONS IN LEED – (2012) HUMAN HAND TRANSPLANT
– MASSACHUTES HOSPITAL (USA 2016) – FIRST PENIS TRANSPLANT
– CLEVELAND CLINIC- (USA 2016) – First Uterus Transplant
