Surgeon is a Friend, Guide and Philosopher right from Renaissance to Medical Era to Modern developed MEDICAL FIELD. It is a shining example of FAITH and CONFIDENCE of a Common MAN in Doctors, to submit himself for experiments (after explanation) whether Amputation a Trephining in 2000 BC or Minimal Invasive Surgery and Robotic Surgery of 22nd century.
Vivekanand once said –
Life is a treasure of Experiences. Some Good and some bad, turn into opportunities and shine with SMILE on other faces.
Take Risk in life, if you WIN.
You LEAD, if you loose you GUIDE
(TRUE IN THIS CONTEXT- Of DEVELOPMENT OF SURGERY)
Surgeon works hard with own HANDS to give relief to the patients, with satisfaction and HAPPINESS. Later RECOGNITION and FAME. Desired level vary from undivided to individual, to go to the stage of EGO and a breach from Society.
Three MAIN PROBLEMS faced by HUMANS since his existence are
- PAIN
- BLEEDING
- INFECTION
and medical sciences developed to relief in that order gradually.
AMPUTATION – following WARS or disease used be performed Renaissance period – 27000 to 32000 BC in EGYPT BORNEO (31000 BC) before NEOLITHIC FARMING TRANSITION. Later a case was recorded in FRANCE in 5000 BC. Many Countries – EGYPT, GREET, MESOPOTAMINES, INDIA, ARABIA used different technique to fox & bone injuries with WOODEN STICKS.
TREPHINING – Making hole in the Skull. Used to be performed even as early as 30,000 BC in Greek; performed by PRIESTS, BARBERS and Religion medical people for headache due to DEMONS, Seizures, epilepsy and INSANITY. This was also done in FRANCE – (6500 BC) MESOTHELIAL TIME, These procedures were move for RITUALS and RELIGIOUS purposes then on real health ground.
By the Medieval Period practice of Medicine and Surgery had separated from MAGIC and RELIGION – SUPERSTITION. Surgeons were usually BARBERS or CRAFTS MAN, accompanying MILITARY to battle fields to treat Bleeding wounds (TORNIQUETS) and fractures (Wooden Sticks).
FRIEDBERG (600 BC) described use of IRON INSTRUMENT to deal with problems of swelling, fractures, drainage procedures. He said
– ARRIVAL OF SCIENTIFIC SCIENCE and its IMPLICATIONS.
Gradually various iron instruments as used during hunting were modified and used for various procedures beside Injuries, dealing with swelling (Collection, drainage/ tumor- excision /reconstruction procedure.
EGYPT / ARABIA was probably was the first area with developing Education and caring for health, established UNIVERSITY OF LELPZIG (1550 BC) with Text book of Medicine and Surgery describing many ailments and various tools, instruments of many sizes and shapes and there uses.
EBER PAPYRUS – a book written by GEORGE PAPYRUS of considered as Textbook of HEALTH is conserved in the above University.
EDWIN PAPYRUS (1600.B.C) described trainee Surgery, Sutures of Thread, treatment of infected wounds by HONEY and Hot WATER.
GREECE (ANCIENT ROME) had many famous Royal attendences having Knowledge of battlefield wounds and used HONFI with plant extracts, as anti septic lotion and had some kind of sutures also. (ASKLEPIOS, PODALEIRIUS GALEN, MACHAON and PATROCUS)
ALEXANRIANS – HEROPHILLUS and ERASISTRATUS – written books on Anatomy and Physiology and teach in the Institutions where so called Health Care taken used to do lots of procedures, and medicines. They helped in developing many surgical techniques even old TRACHEOSTOMY.
CHINA – HUATUO (140-208), master of crafts in provinces of EASTERN HAD and THREE KINGDOMS, used general anesthesia of some chemical ———— and was famous.
BIAN QUE – A MIRACLE DOCTOR – as per Chinese Historian SIMAQIA, used to do many skillful procedure including two way exchange of HEARTS between people with GENERAL ANESTHESIA – HEART TRANSPLANT (300 BC).
GALEN – CLAUDIS GALENUS (123-216AD)
Called as GALEN OF GALENOFPERGAMON. ROMAN GREEK PHYSIAN, – a great physician in research of human body, dissecting animal to study Anatomy, and used knowledge to understand physiology and other discipline of medicine. His Books – I, II and III, devoted to Greek Science of t Human Body dealing with all aspects including many surgical procedures. He was first to do Animal dissection and developed suture ligature from organic natural products.
HIPPOCRATES – (500B.C.) Founder of Western Medicine – Insisted of Scientific methods in Medicine, proposed the natural causes of diseases, with four temperament theory. Introduced oath to all treating disease to abide by it to respect patients & respect, and do proper treatment. Taught and wound care, use of boiling water to clean wounds, Hands washing and proper care of tumors and growth (CANCER).
MIDDLE-AGE (800-1700AD) – (AGE OF ENLIGTENMENT)
Development of Universities in INDIA, CHINA, SPAIN, GREECE, ROME and other Asian and European Countries, many Medical books on basic Sciences, medicines and Surgery were published and translated in many languages, spreading Knowledge of HUMAN SCIENCE AND MEDICAL CARE.
PAUL of AEGINA AND AL ZAHRAWL (025-690 AD) – wrote many books – called as GOLDEN AGE of ISLAM. HUNAYNIPN ISHAQ (809-873) translated many Greek Books in ARABIA. ISAAC BEN SOLOMON (832-892) wrote many books in Arabica, were translated in many languages and adopted by EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES.
MUHAMMAD ZAKARNI al RAZI (865-925 AD) ALIBEN ABBAS al MATUSI (994 AD) AVICENNA (980-1037 AD), were master of writing Medical Book on Basic Sciences to Medicine and surgical procedures and popular in European Universities. (13th Century).
SPANIS MUSLIM – AVENZEAR (1094-1162) – a master Surgeon performed TRACHEOSTOMY on GOAD, and written a Book on SIMPLIFICATION OF THERAPEUTICS and DIET popular in EUROPE.
AVERLOES (1120-1198) first to describe function of RETINA and acquired immunology with SMALL POX.
This period has seen development of basic Sciences, animal experiments, classical research, development of Universities and its overall development in all Medical and Non Medical subjects gave in depth knowledge of Medical Science but SURGERY was performed by Skilled Craftsman and BARBER. Gradually Medical Education in the Universities started. In 9th to 11th centuries, apprentiship training in Monastic infirmaries and Hospitals were present in most of the European and other countries.
Muslim world dominated in medical education drawing students from far away countries to learn systematic medicine.
MODERN SURGERY –
In 1518 – Royal College of Physician and Surgeons was established, developed systems of Medical Education and at Examination Gradually many medical teaching establishment developed but proper training was lacking until the mid 19th century that an ordered pattern of teaching and training was developed in Western Medical Schools.
In 1859, Britain passed an act of MEDICAL Education and established GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL, which controlled the Medical Education, teaching an Examination.
In USA – Influenced by JOHNS HOPKINS Medical School in Baltimore decision to place GUIDELINES for admission, hospital teaching, clinical research and EXAMINATION. Similarly other universities – CARNE QIE, FOUNDATION Published in 1910 report of ABRAHM FLEXNOR regarding the guideline for Medical institutions, Hospital and Clinical training and apprentiship of students admitted. The same was later adopted by other Universities in USA and Canada.
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT –
JOHN HUNTER (1728-1793) Scotish Surgeon, FATHER OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC SURGERY